{"id":1626,"date":"2026-05-22T15:38:43","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T15:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/?p=1626"},"modified":"2026-05-22T18:25:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T18:25:11","slug":"venezuela-mining-law-viability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/fr\/venezuela-mining-law-viability\/","title":{"rendered":"Venezuela\u2019s Mining Opening: Mineral Wealth, New Law, and the Three Tests of Viability"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n  :root{\n    --ink:#1d2633;\n    --muted:#5a6676;\n    --brand:#1f3c88;\n    --accent:#E6DFD3;\n    --ring:rgba(230,223,211,.35);\n  }\n\n  *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n\n  body{\n    margin:0;\n    font-family:ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial;\n    line-height:1.7;\n    color:var(--ink);\n    background:#fbfbfb;\n  }\n\n  .container{width:min(1000px,92%);margin:auto;}\n  .site-header .container{width:min(1280px,94%);margin:auto;}\n  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.gm-note--advisory .gm-note__media img{\n      width:100%;\n      max-width:340px;\n    }\n  }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"site-header\">\n  <div class=\"container site-header-inner\">\n    <a href=\"\/\" aria-label=\"Go to Geopolitical Mining\">\n      <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n        src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geopoliticalmining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-10-05-a-las-7.29.40-p.m.webp?ssl=1\"\n        alt=\"Geopolitical Mining\"\n        style=\"height:100px;width:auto;display:block;\"\n      >\n    <\/a>\n\n    <nav class=\"site-header-nav\">\n      <a href=\"\/\">Home<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/book\">Book<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/country-region-analysis\">Country &amp; Region<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/articles\">Articles<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/signals-2026\">Signals 2026<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/weekly\">Weekly<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/criticalminerals\/\">Critical Minerals<\/a>\n      <a href=\"\/faq\">FAQ<\/a>\n    <\/nav>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<main>\n  <section class=\"section\" style=\"background:#fff;\">\n    <div class=\"container\">\n      <div class=\"article-shell\">\n        <article class=\"article-main\">\n\n          <p class=\"small kicker\">Geopolitical Mining \u00b7 Country &amp; Region<\/p>\n\n          <h1 class=\"gm-article-title\">Venezuela\u2019s Mining Opening: Mineral Wealth, New Law, and the Three Tests of Viability<\/h1>\n\n          <p class=\"lead\">A Geopolitical Mining reading of Venezuela\u2019s new mining push, and why territory, governance, energy and infrastructure will determine whether mineral endowment can become formal supply.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\" style=\"margin-bottom:4px;\">By Eduardo Zamanillo &amp; Marta Rivera Mu\u00f1oz<\/p>\n          <p class=\"small\" style=\"margin-top:0;\">Geopolitical Mining. May 22, 2026<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">Venezuela is returning to the mining conversation at a moment when mineral endowment is being reinterpreted through a strategic lens. The country is commonly associated with oil, but its industrial base has also been tied to iron ore, aluminum, bauxite, cement, diamonds, phosphate rock, ammonia, coal, natural gas and other mineral related activities. In its latest country chapter on Venezuela, published as an advance release in March 2026, the U.S. Geological Survey reported that the country\u2019s nonfuel mineral and mineral based production in 2022 included aluminum, cement, diamond, iron and steel, ammonia, phosphate rock, refined lead and sulfur. USGS also ranked Venezuela as the second largest producer of direct-reduced iron in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2022, accounting for about 18% of the region\u2019s output. The production data show a country with a real, although weakened, mineral industrial footprint. According to USGS, Venezuela produced an estimated 2.25 million metric tons of iron ore by gross weight in 2022, 250,000 metric tons of bauxite, 47,000 metric tons of primary aluminum, 2.6 million metric tons of hydraulic cement, 1,665 carats of diamonds, 15,000 metric tons of phosphate rock by gross weight and 200,000 metric tons of bituminous coal. The same table also records 29.2 billion cubic meters of gross natural gas production and 268 million 42 gallon barrels of crude petroleum in 2022.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The more revealing point is what the USGS data does not fully capture. The same production table notes that gold, ferronickel, ferromanganese, carbon black, common clay, mined lead, salt and stone may have been produced, but that available information was insufficient to make reliable output estimates. For a country often discussed through gold, coltan and other strategic minerals, that caveat is not a minor statistical detail. It points to a deeper issue: Venezuela\u2019s mineral relevance is visible, but parts of its production system remain difficult to measure, document and convert into reliable formal supply. This is why Venezuela should be read through a <a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/mining-viability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mining viability<\/a> lens. The strategic question is no longer whether the country has minerals. It is whether it can organize those minerals into a formal system capable of sustaining production, attracting serious capital, protecting territory, documenting flows and creating institutional confidence. In the current mineral era, resource ownership is only the starting point. Strategic relevance comes from the ability to convert geology into governed, traceable, financeable and durable supply.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">At Geopolitical Mining, we define <a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/mining-viability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mining viability<\/a> as the systemic capacity of a formal mining project to move from technical and economic possibility to sustained production, supported by territorial legitimacy, institutional durability, capital confidence, operational continuity and public authority. Feasibility can show that a project is technically and economically possible. Viability asks whether the system around that project can hold. Venezuela now appears to be trying to rebuild part of that system.<\/p>\n\n          <div class=\"gm-book-note\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/book\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n              <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n                src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geopoliticalmining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-11-19-a-las-6.25.03-p.m.webp?ssl=1\"\n                alt=\"Cover of the book Mining Is Dead. Long Live Geopolitical Mining\">\n            <\/a>\n            <div class=\"gm-book-note-text\">\n              <p class=\"small\">\n                For the full Geopolitical Mining framework behind this article, see our book\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/book\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Mining Is Dead. Long Live Geopolitical Mining<\/em><\/a>.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">In April 2026, the National Assembly sanctioned a new Organic Mining Law. According to the Assembly, the law was designed to modernize, regulate and strengthen mining activity across the national territory, while reaffirming state ownership over mineral deposits and placing sector governance under the Executive through the ministry with mining authority. The law also defines participation by state companies, mixed companies in which the Republic maintains majority control, authorized private companies, artisanal mining brigades and individual miners. The legal architecture is framed around industrialization. The Assembly stated that the law regulates extraction as well as related activities such as chemical processing, purification and commercialization, with the stated objective of ensuring that minerals are processed in Venezuela and generate domestic value before export. It also creates the National Superintendence of Mining Activity as an autonomous body responsible for oversight and administration of mining taxes. The fiscal and investment design points in the same direction. The Assembly reported that the royalty scheme includes a ceiling of up to 13%, with the applicable percentage depending on the contract model and the level of investment. It also described special benefits for companies that generate national value added by processing raw material domestically before export. A few days later, Delcy Rodr\u00edguez, described by the Assembly as acting president of the Republic, promulgated the law and instructed the Ministry of Economy and Finance, together with the securities market and the Ministry of Ecological Mining Development, to design an investment instrument and a registry of mining projects.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The direction is clear. Venezuela is trying to move from mineral possession toward mineral organization. The law seeks to present mining as an investment sector, a fiscal source, an industrial platform and a potential channel for value added. It brings together resource ownership, formal oversight, processing ambition, project pipelines and investment language. That is the opening. The strategic test begins immediately after. A mining law can create the institutional frame. Mining viability depends on whether that frame can operate in the territory, survive the political environment, support contract confidence, sustain energy intensive operations and distinguish formal mineral flows from opaque ones. Venezuela\u2019s mining question therefore sits on three conditions: security of the territory, credibility of governance and reliability of energy and infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n          <h2>1. The territorial test: who controls the ground?<\/h2>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">Venezuela\u2019s first mining test begins with territorial authority. A mineral deposit becomes an investable asset only when the ground around it can be accessed, secured, monitored and governed. Roads, river corridors, fuel supply, logistics, labour, environmental control, community relations and security are part of the production system. In mining, territory is not a backdrop. It is the operating platform. This is why Venezuela\u2019s southern mining geography deserves careful attention. The Orinoco Mining Arc has become one of the clearest examples in Latin America of the distance that can emerge between mineral potential and governable mineral supply. The area contains economic value, but it also concentrates several of the conditions that weaken formal mining (<a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/anomic-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anomic mining<\/a>): remote terrain, fragile public authority, illegal extraction, opaque gold flows, environmental degradation, violence, vulnerable communities and limited traceability.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The United Nations has already treated this geography as a specific human rights and institutional concern. In 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported that people working in the Arco Minero del Orinoco were caught in a context of labour exploitation, high levels of violence, trafficking and criminal control. The same UN reporting described the presence of criminal groups known locally as sindicatos, which exercised control over mining areas, including through extortion in exchange for protection. For mining analysis, this matters because it places the issue beyond geology. It frames the Arco Minero as a territorial governance problem, where extraction, public authority, armed actors, labour conditions, Indigenous rights and environmental risk converge.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The OECD reached a similar conclusion from the supply-chain side. Its report <em>Gold Flows from Venezuela<\/em> examined risks of corruption, conflict financing and money laundering linked to Venezuelan gold flows. It also stated that the main adverse risks covered by the OECD Due Diligence Guidance (human rights abuses, conflict financing and financial crimes) are reported across gold supply chains from Venezuela. This is a central point for any formal mining strategy: if mineral flows cannot be documented, separated and verified, the country\u2019s resource base becomes harder to translate into credible supply.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">In 2025, UNODC placed this issue within a broader global pattern of minerals crime. Its report on illegal gold mining warned that rising mineral demand is amplifying risks of crime, corruption and instability across mineral supply chains. UNODC also noted that criminal groups frequently introduce illegally sourced gold into the supply chain by exploiting weak oversight, inconsistent documentation and regulatory loopholes along trade routes. For Venezuela, this matters because the question is not only whether illegal mining exists. The question is whether the country can build a mineral system strong enough to separate formal production from criminalized, undocumented or environmentally destructive flows.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This is where the concept of <a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/anomic-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anomic Mining<\/a> becomes useful. Anomic Mining describes the moment when illegal mining is no longer only an activity outside the law, but the expression of a deeper institutional condition. Rules exist. Agencies exist. Permits may exist. The language of legality remains visible. Yet the legal order loses practical authority over access, protection, traceability and compliance. In that environment, the State may still write the rules, while parallel actors organize the mining reality on the ground. That is the risk Venezuela has to overcome. The issue is not only whether the new mining law defines formal pathways. The issue is whether those pathways can actually organize the mineral economy in the territory. Can the State protect valid rights? Can it prevent armed, criminal or informal actors from shaping extraction zones? Can it distinguish formal production from opaque flows? Can it give communities confidence that mining will bring order rather than reproduce disorder?<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">Recent regional alerts reinforce the same concern. In 2026, REDESCA, the Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, warned about the impact of illegal gold mining on the human right to water in the Americas. Although this is a regional alert, it is relevant to the Amazonian and Guiana Shield context in which Venezuela\u2019s southern mining geography sits. Illegal gold mining is not only an environmental issue. It is a territorial governance issue because it affects water, health, communities, Indigenous territories and the legitimacy of the State. The Guyana border adds another layer. The Government of Canada currently identifies the Venezuela Guyana border as a volatile security environment because of the Guayana Esequiba dispute and notes that smuggling and drug trafficking occur along that border. This source should be read as a security advisory rather than a mining study, but it helps confirm that part of Venezuela\u2019s resource geography is embedded in a broader border-security environment.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">For mining, these conditions change the investment question. The issue is no longer only whether Venezuela has gold, bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, coltan or other minerals. The issue is whether the State can make formal mining stronger than informal authority in the territories where those minerals are located. That is Venezuela\u2019s first test: can formal mining become the organizing force on the ground?<\/p>\n\n          <h2>2. The governance test: can the rules survive politics?<\/h2>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The second test is governance. The Organic Mining Law is a relevant signal because it shows legislative intent. It creates institutions, fiscal rules, investment language and a value-added ambition. But mining capital does not read a law in isolation. It reads the whole operating environment around that law: who holds authority, which institutions can administer the rules, whether contracts can endure political change, how sanctions affect counterparties, whether permits can be defended over time, and whether the State can separate mining policy from internal power dynamics.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This is where Venezuela requires a more careful reading. The country\u2019s current governance environment is no longer only a post-election dispute. It is also a transition of authority question. In January 2025, Venezuela\u2019s National Assembly formally swore Nicol\u00e1s Maduro in for the 2025-2031 presidential term, presenting the act as a constitutional investiture supported by the signatures of representatives of the public powers, including the Assembly, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, the Attorney General and the National Electoral Council. Yet by January 2026, Venezuelan official sources were describing a different executive arrangement. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Delcy Rodr\u00edguez was sworn in as acting president in compliance with a ruling of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, citing Maduro\u2019s \u201cforced absence\u201d and the need to guarantee administrative continuity and national sovereignty under Article 233 of the Constitution. The same official source said Rodr\u00edguez emphasized territorial peace, institutional stability and a constructive agenda with the international community. That matters for mining. The new mining framework is not being implemented in a neutral political vacuum. It is being advanced under an acting executive structure, with Delcy Rodr\u00edguez signing official instruments as &#8220;Presidenta Encargada&#8221; and with key security, defence, economy, hydrocarbons, mining and planning portfolios operating within a cabinet arrangement that is itself part of the current transition. In the February 2026 Amnesty Law published in the official record, Rodr\u00edguez appears as Presidenta (E), while senior officials linked to interior security, defence, mining and basic industries sign within the same executive structure.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This gives the mining law a more complex meaning. On one level, it shows continuity: the State is legislating, promulgating laws, reorganizing sectors and trying to present mining as part of a national economic strategy. On another level, it raises the governance questions that matter to investors, lenders, offtakers and strategic partners: who has durable authority to negotiate, sign, supervise and defend mining agreements over time? Which decisions will remain valid if the political arrangement changes? Which institutions can guarantee continuity between the Executive, the mining ministry, the superintendence, security authorities and the courts?<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The sanctions picture adds another layer. On April 1, 2026, OFAC, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the agency that administers and enforces U.S. economic and trade sanctions, removed Delcy Rodr\u00edguez from the Specially Designated Nationals list. That is relevant because it changes part of the compliance reading around one of the central figures in the current Venezuelan executive structure. But that removal does not erase the broader sanctions and political risk environment. OFAC continues to maintain a Venezuela related sanctions program, with licensing requirements and compliance pathways for certain activities. For any international mining company, lender, trader, contractor or insurer, the practical question is not only whether one individual has been removed from the SDN list. The question is how a transaction touches sanctioned persons, state owned entities, financial channels, U.S. jurisdiction, counterparties and future changes in policy. The U.S. Treasury\u2019s recent actions also keep the political risk context alive. In September 2024, Treasury sanctioned Venezuelan officials aligned with Maduro in response to alleged electoral fraud and repression, including officials linked to the National Electoral Council and the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. Treasury stated that those officials impeded a transparent electoral process and the release of accurate election results, while also citing arrests, intimidation and censorship after the July 2024 vote. In January 2025, Treasury sanctioned additional Venezuelan officials leading key economic and security agencies, including the president of PDVSA and senior military and police officials, stating that they enabled repression and the subversion of democracy. The same release stated that the United States, together with partners including Canada, the European Union and the United Kingdom, rejected Maduro\u2019s claim of victory.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The composition of the authority structure around security, public order and state-controlled sectors is also relevant from a mining-governance and compliance perspective. Diosdado Cabello is one example because his role sits close to security and public authority, and because U.S. Treasury has previously designated him under Venezuela related sanctions. For mining analysis, however, the point is not to personalize the risk. The point is institutional: investors need to understand whether the authority structure around mining can provide credible counterparties, enforceable contracts and a compliance environment that international capital can underwrite. For mining, this is not a matter of political commentary. It is a matter of bankability. Formal mining requires more than a legal title. It requires an authority structure that investors can underwrite. It requires counterparties that can pass due diligence. It requires contracts that can survive changes in office, sanctions policy, court interpretation and administrative priorities. It requires confidence that the institutions granting rights are the same institutions capable of protecting those rights in the field.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This is why Venezuela\u2019s governance test is deeper than the approval of a mining law. The law may create a superintendence, define royalties, promote processing and frame mining as an investment sector. But serious capital will ask whether the political system around that law can provide durable authority, predictable enforcement, credible dispute resolution and a compliance environment that does not expose investors to sanctions, reputational or legal risk. The issue is not whether Venezuela can legislate. It clearly can. The issue is whether the rules can survive the political moment in which they are being created. Venezuela\u2019s second mining question is therefore about institutional durability. Can the country administer its new mining framework through a governance system that investors, communities, contractors, lenders and international counterparties can understand, verify and trust?<\/p>\n\n          <h2>3. The energy and infrastructure test: can mining operate without weakening the social contract?<\/h2>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The third test is energy and infrastructure. Mining is energy intensive, but energy is only one part of the operating system. Exploration can begin with limited infrastructure. Formal mining, processing and value added production require something broader: reliable electricity, fuel availability, transport corridors, roads, maintenance capacity, water management, skilled workers, industrial services, equipment, spare parts, laboratories, security and logistics that can function over time.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This matters because Venezuela\u2019s new mining law is not only about extraction. It seeks to promote chemical processing, purification, commercialization and domestic value added before export. That ambition raises the infrastructure threshold. A country can export raw material with one level of operating capacity. It needs a different level of capacity to process, purify, certify, transport and commercialize mineral products through formal channels. Venezuela\u2019s energy paradox is well known. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Venezuela held the world\u2019s largest proven crude oil reserves in 2023, with approximately 303 billion barrels, representing about 17% of global reserves. Yet the same report states that Venezuela produced only 742,000 barrels per day of crude oil in 2023, a 70% cumulative decline from 2013 levels. EIA links that constrained output to budgetary constraints at PDVSA, lack of qualified technical personnel and limited foreign direct investment. The electricity system presents a similar contradiction. Venezuela\u2019s electricity generation is highly dependent on hydropower, which supplied 64% of the country\u2019s electricity in 2021. EIA notes that this makes the system vulnerable to water availability and droughts, while also pointing to concern around overutilization and overexertion of existing hydroelectric facilities. Venezuela\u2019s electricity generation peaked at 120 billion kilowatthours in 2013, then declined to 95 billion kilowatthours in 2021, with EIA citing out of date infrastructure, poor maintenance, insufficient investment, lack of market incentives, government control and declining professional capacity at CORPOELEC. This is not only a residential or humanitarian issue. It is an industrial constraint. EIA states that frequent and lengthy power outages have disrupted healthcare, water supply, public transportation, industry, commerce, retail activity and oil production. It also notes that state enforced power rationing has become common, particularly outside Caracas, and that blackouts increased by 22% between 2021 and 2022. Fuel shortages, including natural gas and diesel, have also hampered power plant operation.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">For mining, that matters directly. A project may be technically feasible on paper, but formal production depends on continuous power, stable fuel supply and reliable logistics. Crushers, mills, pumps, ventilation systems, processing plants, laboratories, tailings systems, water treatment facilities and transport fleets do not operate on intermittent power. Processing and refining ambitions are even more demanding because they require stable inputs, skilled operation, maintenance discipline and quality control.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The challenge is not limited to the national grid. The wider industrial base also matters. EIA reports that PDVSA\u2019s refining system has faced severe challenges from underinvestment and mismanagement, with the Paraguana Refining Center operating at about 10% of nameplate capacity as of October 2023. It also states that declining crude oil production and reduced refinery capacity have caused widespread shortages of gasoline, diesel and other oil products in the domestic market. USGS had already identified similar operational stress in Venezuela\u2019s productive system. In its country chapter on Venezuela\u2019s mineral industry for 2020\u20132021, USGS linked the decline in GDP to several factors, including the decrease in crude petroleum production and exports, operational problems such as prolonged power outages in petroleum product refineries, the halt of most mining and refinery operations during COVID-19 safety measures, and tighter U.S. sanctions.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">Venezuela\u2019s own mining plan also recognizes the depth of the operating challenge. The Plan Sectorial Minero 2019\u20132025 identifies a general decline in production across the Sistema Nacional Minero Ecol\u00f3gico and attributes it to loss of productive capacity, technological obsolescence, reduced logistics and infrastructure supporting mining activity, insufficient financial resources for mining, steel and export transport development, fragmented productive chains, lack of coordination among basic industries and absence of long-term planning by mining operators. That diagnosis is important because it comes from Venezuela\u2019s own sectoral planning. It shows that the problem is not only power generation. It is the whole productive ecosystem around mining. The same plan refers to the need to recover machinery and equipment, train qualified personnel for plant operations, and ensure materials and inputs required for mineral exploitation. It also calls for the formation of national human talent for reserve certification processes according to international standards.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">This is where the social contract becomes central. Venezuela\u2019s mining plan itself recognizes that mining requires a large amount of energy and that proper mine planning should avoid excessive pressure on natural resources. It also includes as a policy objective the strengthening of public services (water, transport, health, education, domestic gas and energy) in mining and Indigenous communities.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">For any serious mining strategy, that point is decisive. Mining cannot be presented as national recovery if it develops beside communities that experience electricity rationing, weak water services, fuel scarcity or fragile transport. A mine can build dedicated power, import fuel or develop private infrastructure. But if the surrounding population sees mining as another claimant on scarce energy, roads, water, diesel, public services or state attention, the legitimacy problem grows. Energy reliability is therefore not only an operational variable. It is a social, political and financial variable. It affects production continuity, operating costs, processing ambition, environmental performance, worker safety, insurance, logistics, community legitimacy and the credibility of the State\u2019s promise that mining can support national recovery. Venezuela\u2019s third mining question is whether it can provide the energy and operating infrastructure required for formal mining without deepening the vulnerability of the communities around it.<\/p>\n\n\n          <h2>Strategic reading: Venezuela and the discipline of mineral power<\/h2>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">Venezuela\u2019s mining opening should be read as more than a legislative event. It is an attempt to reposition mineral wealth inside a country that has long been defined by oil, but whose future relevance may increasingly depend on its ability to rebuild productive capacity across the material economy. The new mining law matters because it signals intent. Venezuela is trying to move from possession to organization: from mineral endowment to project pipelines, from extraction to processing, from informal flows to formal oversight, from geological potential to an investable sector. That direction is strategically relevant. It shows that the country understands, at least at the level of policy design, that minerals only become power when they are organized into supply. But this is where the real question begins.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">In the framework of Geopolitical Mining, mineral power is not the same as mineral abundance. A country may hold resources, reserves, mining history and strategic geography, and still fail to convert those assets into durable national value. The difference lies in the system around the mineral: institutions, energy, infrastructure, territory, legitimacy, capital confidence, technical capacity and the authority to make formal mining stronger than informal alternatives. Venezuela\u2019s challenge is precisely there.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The first condition is territorial authority. The State must be able to govern the places where minerals are located. Without that, formal mining remains exposed to opaque extraction orders, illegal taxation, criminalized flows and fragmented control. In that environment, the law may exist, but the territory may follow another logic. This is the space where mining becomes anomic: not simply illegal, but organized outside the effective reach of formal authority.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The second condition is institutional durability. Mining requires decisions that outlive the political moment in which they are made. Licenses, contracts, fiscal terms, community commitments, environmental obligations and security arrangements must be credible over time. Investors and lenders will not only read the new law; they will read the authority structure behind it, the sanctions environment around it, the continuity of public institutions and the capacity of the State to defend the rules it creates.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">The third condition is energy and infrastructure. This may become Venezuela\u2019s most material constraint. Mining is not an abstract sector; it is a physical system. It depends on electricity, fuel, roads, ports, equipment, spare parts, maintenance, water management, laboratories, skilled workers and logistics that can operate without interruption. If Venezuela wants to move beyond extraction toward processing and value added, that requirement becomes even more demanding. This is also where the community question becomes decisive. A mine may build part of its own infrastructure, secure its own energy or solve its own logistics. But if it operates beside communities facing blackouts, weak water services, fuel scarcity or deteriorated public infrastructure, the project inherits a legitimacy problem from the beginning. Mining cannot present itself as national recovery if the people closest to the resource experience it as another pressure on a fragile system.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">That is why Venezuela\u2019s mining question is not only geological, legal or political. It is systemic. The country has minerals. It has a new law. It may have renewed external attention. But the value of this moment will depend on whether Venezuela can build the operating conditions that turn mineral potential into formal supply: territory that can be governed, institutions that can be trusted, infrastructure that can sustain production, energy that can operate continuously, and communities that can see mining as order rather than extraction without confidence.<\/p>\n\n          <p class=\"small\">In the new mineral era, endowment creates visibility. Viability creates relevance. Venezuela already has visibility. Its mining future will depend on whether it can build the viability required to convert mineral wealth into secure, traceable, legitimate and durable production. That is the strategic question now.<\/p>\n\n          <h2>Resources<\/h2>\n\n          <ul class=\"small\">\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asambleanacional.gob.ve\/noticias\/parlamento-sanciona-ley-organica-de-minas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela. Parlamento sanciona Ley Org\u00e1nica de Minas.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asambleanacional.gob.ve\/noticias\/ley-de-minas-modernizara-el-sector-y-promovera-la-inversion-nacional-y-extranjera\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela. Ley de Minas modernizar\u00e1 el sector y promover\u00e1 la inversi\u00f3n nacional y extranjera.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asambleanacional.gob.ve\/noticias\/presidenta-delcy-rodriguez-promulga-ley-organica-de-minas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela. Presidenta Delcy Rodr\u00edguez promulga Ley Org\u00e1nica de Minas.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.desarrollominero.gob.ve\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Plan-Sectorial-Minero2019_2025_Final040619_compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecol\u00f3gico. Plan Sectorial Minero 2019\u20132025.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/myb\/vol3\/2022\/myb3-2022-venezuela.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey. The Mineral Industry of Venezuela in 2022.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/myb\/vol3\/2020-21\/myb3-2020-21-venezuela.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey. The Mineral Industry of Venezuela in 2020\u20132021.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/content\/analysis\/countries_long\/Venezuela\/pdf\/venezuela_2024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Energy Information Administration. Country Analysis Brief: Venezuela.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2020\/07\/venezuela-un-releases-report-criminal-control-mining-area-and-wider-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OHCHR. Venezuela: UN releases report on criminal control of mining area and wider justice issues.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/2021\/09\/gold-flows-from-venezuela_f43fdb3a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OECD. Gold Flows from Venezuela: Supporting due diligence on the production and trade of gold.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/press\/releases\/2025\/May\/unodc_-rising-demand-for-minerals-heightening-risks-of-crime--corruption-and-instability.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UNODC. Rising demand for minerals heightening risks of crime, corruption and instability.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/Crimes%20on%20Environment\/ECR25_P2b_Minerals_Crime.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UNODC. Minerals Crime.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oas.org\/en\/IACHR\/jsForm\/?File=%2Fen%2Fiachr%2Fmedia_center%2FPReleases%2F2026%2F048.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">REDESCA \/ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. REDESCA Alerts on the Impacts of Illegal Gold Mining on the Human Right to Water in the Americas.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/travel.gc.ca\/destinations\/venezuela\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Government of Canada. Travel Advice and Advisories for Venezuela.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/ofac.treasury.gov\/recent-actions\/20260401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Department of the Treasury \/ OFAC. Venezuela-related Designation Removal.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy2577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Department of the Treasury. Treasury Targets Venezuelan Officials Aligned with Nicolas Maduro in Response to Electoral Fraud.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/mining-viability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Mining. Mining Viability.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/anomic-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Mining. Anomic Mining: Why Illegal Mining Is Not Always the Full Diagnosis.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/venezuela-before-during-and-after-oil-mining-and-the-unfinished-petrostate\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Mining. Venezuela Before, During and After: Oil, Mining and the Unfinished Petrostate.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/legitimacy-gap\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Mining. The Mining Paradox: The Legitimacy Gap Behind Modern Life.<\/a><\/li>\n            <li><a href=\"https:\/\/geopoliticalmining.com\/when-mining-becomes-geopolitical-the-state-and-diplomacy-must-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Mining. When Mining Becomes Geopolitical, the State and Diplomacy Must Change.<\/a><\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n\n        <\/article>\n\n        <aside class=\"article-subscribe-left\">\n          <div class=\"gm-briefing-card\">\n            <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\n              class=\"gm-briefing-logo\"\n              src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geopoliticalmining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-10-05-a-las-7.29.40-p.m.webp?ssl=1\"\n              alt=\"Geopolitical Mining\"\n            >\n\n            <p class=\"gm-briefing-eyebrow\">Briefing<\/p>\n\n            <h3 class=\"gm-briefing-title\">Subscribe to the Geopolitical Mining Briefing<\/h3>\n\n            <p class=\"gm-briefing-text\">\n              Selected analysis on critical minerals, geopolitics, capital, defense and industrial strategy.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"gm-mailpoet-form\">\n                \n  \n  <div class=\"\n    mailpoet_form_popup_overlay\n      \"><\/div>\n  <div\n    id=\"mailpoet_form_1\"\n    class=\"\n      mailpoet_form\n      mailpoet_form_shortcode\n      mailpoet_form_position_\n      mailpoet_form_animation_\n    \"\n      >\n\n    <style type=\"text\/css\">\n     #mailpoet_form_1 .mailpoet_form {  }\n#mailpoet_form_1 .mailpoet_column_with_background { padding: 10px; 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